Metallbearbeitung
Unsere Plattform bietet Ihnen ein umfassendes Sortiment an gebrauchten Maschinen für die Metallbearbeitung, ideal für Unternehmen aus dem Maschinenbau, der Blechbearbeitung, der Automobilindustrie oder der allgemeinen Fertigung. Ganz gleich, ob Sie Ihre Produktion erweitern, modernisieren oder kostengünstig in zusätzliche Kapazitäten investieren möchten – bei uns finden Sie hochwertige Anlagen renommierter Hersteller.
Zum Angebot gehören sowohl konventionelle Werkzeugmaschinen als auch moderne CNC-gesteuerte Bearbeitungszentren. Die Bandbreite umfasst u. a.:
- Fräsmaschinen: vertikal, horizontal, Portalfräsen, 3-Achs-, 4-Achs- und 5-Achs-Zentren
- Drehmaschinen: Flachbett, Zyklusgesteuert, CNC, Langdreher, Vertikaldrehmaschinen
- Pressen: hydraulisch, mechanisch, Exzenter- und Tiefziehpressen
- Bohrmaschinen: Ständerbohrmaschinen, Radialbohrmaschinen, Koordinatenbohrwerke
- Schleifmaschinen: Rund-, Flach-, Innen-, Außen-, und Werkzeugschleifmaschinen
- Wärmebehandlungstechnik: Härteöfen, Glühöfen, Vakuumöfen
- Strahlanlagen: Druckluftstrahler, Schleuderradanlagen, Kugelstrahlen
- Schweißtechnik: MIG/MAG, TIG, Punktschweißen, Roboterschweißanlagen
- Räummaschinen: vertikal und horizontal für Innen- und Außenbearbeitung
Unsere Maschinen stammen häufig aus Werksschließungen, Produktionsverlagerungen oder Modernisierungsprojekten. Dadurch erhalten Sie professionelle Industrieanlagen zu attraktiven Preisen – mit technischer Dokumentation, Bildern und oft der Möglichkeit zur Vor-Ort-Inspektion.
Im Angebot finden Sie u. a. Maschinen von Trumpf, DMG Mori, DMG Mori, Grob. EMAG, EMCO, Mazak, Hermle, Bystronic, Okuma, Amada, Studer, Kellenberger, Fronius, LVD, Gildemeister und vielen mehr.
Nutzen Sie jetzt die Chance, Ihre Fertigung flexibel und wirtschaftlich auszubauen – mit kurzfristig verfügbaren, hochwertigen Gebrauchtmaschinen für die Metallbearbeitung.
Aktuell verfügbare Metallbearbeitungsmaschinen
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- Bench Grinder OPTIMUM, Opm SM 200additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used bench grinder made of metal. The optical condition shows minor wear with visible signs of use, including surface scratches and slight discoloration. Accessories and documentati...
- manual Knee Lever Press SCHMIDT, 13, year 2008additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used press made of metal. Optical condition shows signs of wear, including a missing handle and potential surface scratches visible on the unit. Condition is unchecked and sold as i...
- 12 pcs. of Pressure Transmitter AHLBORN, FD8214 03Radditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 12 units of used Pressure Transmitter, Fab. Make AHLBORN, Model FD8214 03R. Shows minor visible scratches and signs of previous handling. Accessories and documentation: includes some original...
- manual Rack-and-Pinion Press, 2.4 kN, 70 mm Stroke, 160 x 105 mm Table, 22 kg SCHMIDT, 3R, year 2008additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit(s) of used Pneumatic Press, Fab. Schmidt, Model: 3R-03, 2008. Optical condition shows some minor surface wear, with visible scratches and marks consistent with prior usage. Overall vis...
- Hydraulic Press Schuler HPSK40 | 1999Hydraulic Press Manufacturer: Schuler Model: HPSK40 Serial No.: H/7442 Year of manufacture: 1999 Specifications: Nominal force: 400 kN Stroke length: max. 400 mm Closing speed: 350 mm/s Working speed: max. 42 mm/s, min. 31 mm/s Tool base a...
- Universal Milling Machine Vogtland UF15 | 1995Universal Milling Machine Manufacturer: Vogtland Model: UF15 Serial No.: 039-054 Year of manufacture: 1995 Machine weight: 10,000 kg Specifications: Travel distances: X-axis 800 mm, Y-axis 650 mm, Z-axis 540 mm Control system: Heidenhain T...
- Lathe ROMI, T180additional handling fee: 175 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used lathe made of steel. The optical condition shows visible wear and some signs of use, including minor scratches and dents. Accessories and documentation: Includes various mount...
- Hammer Drill BTI, BTI-BH 2-26 MESadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used rotary hammer drill made of durable materials. The device shows signs of previous use, including visible scratches and general wear. Stored in a hard carrying case, the lot als...
- Wheel Disc Press Line Erfurt | ~1980'sWheel Disc Press Line, consisting of 4 Hydraulic Presses: • Press 1: manufacturer: Umformtechnik Erfurt, type: BKZE1250, S/N: 463014, year: 1974, press force: 1,250 MP, draw depth: 200 mm, slide stroke: 500 mm, adjustment: 215 mm • Press 2...
- Drill BOSCH, GSB 22-2 RCEadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used drill made by Bosch, model GSB 22-2 RCE. The drill is housed in a plastic carry case, which shows visible signs of wear, including scratches and scuffs. Accessories include an ...
- Torque Wrench STAHLWILLE, 730/2additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used torque wrench. Made of steel. Shows minor surface wear consistent with use. Includes original packaging and documentation; calibration certificate included. Details:
- Drill Press ALZMETALL, Alzstaradditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 pre-owned drill press. Metal construction. Shows signs of wear, including surface scratches and minor discoloration. Accessories or documentation not included.
- Wheel Disc Production Line Schleicher / Schnupp | ~2000'sWheel Disc Production Line, consisting of: • Coil Uncoiler, manufacturer: Schleicher, type: HES-15-0850, S/N: 10034, year: 2000, max. coil weight: 10,000 kg, width: 120–650 mm, coil Ø: 1,200–2,000 mm • Hydraulic Power Unit, manufacturer: Sc...
- benchtop Tool Grinder KIRBA KIRBA, UG1, year 2001additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used tool grinder in good condition. Shows moderate signs of use. Features: Manual operation, belt-driven, desktop design. Electrical: 230/400 V, 50 Hz, 1.38 A / 0.8 A.
- manual Knee Lever Press SCHMIDT, 13, year 2008additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of manual press, condition marked by visible signs of prior use, including minor surface scratches and wear on the metal construction. The press is a manually operated device made pred...
- Polishing Machine STRUERS, LaboPol-5, year 1997additional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Polishing Machine, Fab. Struers, Model: LaboPol-5, 1997. The unit shows visible signs of wear, including surface scratches and discoloration. The polishing plate shows signs of...
- Auction Item: Complete Industrial Endoscope Set iPLEX IV9000G | OlympusAvailable in Online Auction on partner's webpage. Enter Auction here: https://machineryauctions.lsh.co.uk/auctions/8743/ed10806/lot-details/10d8b195-9a8e-4915-927c-b0ba00c3bd00 Year: 2021 | S/N: Y002101
- Cutting Machine STRUERS, Discotom-10, year 2014additional handling fee: 175 EURLot consisting of 1 used cutting machine with base structure. Constructed from metal and plastic. Optical condition shows wear from use, including scuffs and residue. Coolant system and grinder included. Acce...
- Depaneling Station HÄNEL MASCHINENBAU, PAG TV-Tuner, year 2009additional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used product specific Depaneling PAG TV-Tuner by Hänel Maschinenbau. Made of aluminum and steel. The unit shows signs of wear such as slight scratches and minor discoloration but ap...
- Foundry Degasing Unit (FDU) FOSECO Roto-Stativ | 2019Weight: 900 kg, Power: 3.5kW
- Image not available3-Axis Machining Center Keppler 000830.08 | 20053-Axis Machining Center • Manufacturer: Keppler • Type: 000830.08 • S/N: 240538-01 • Year of manufacture: 2005 • Control system: Siemens Transline 2000HMI Winpro • Machine dimensions: approx. 7,750 x 7,140 mm, height: 3,930 mm • Weigh...
- Hydraulic Frame Press DieffenbacherHydraulic Frame Press • Manufacturer: Dieffenbacher • Type plate missing • Estimated press force: approx. 5,000 kN • Table dimensions: approx. 1,000 x 1,000 mm • Approx. 35 years old • Operating hours (read): 2,824
- benchtop Depaneling Machine HEINRICH NYMPHIUS, NTM 300 NSLadditional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used benchtop Depaneling Machine. The unit shows slight visible wear, including scratches and signs of prior usage, but appears clean overall. Condition is unchecked.
- Milling Machine GELDMACHER, MST/FP4M, year 2012additional handling fee: 325 EURLot consisting of 1 used and maintained milling machine. Steel construction, showing general wear and minor scratches. Includes Heidenhain control panel and table clamps. Accessories and documentation include...
- Band Saw BAUER, BSS 016, year 2003additional handling fee: 75 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Bandsaw, Fab. Bauer, Model: BSS 016, 2003. The machine shows visible signs of use, including surface wear, light rust on the base, and scratches primarily on the table and hous...
- Drill FEIN, ASG 14, year 2000additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of a used drill made of metal and plastic. Visible signs of use include scratches on the surface and wear marks on the carrying case. Condition is unchecked. Accessories and documentat...
- Depaneling Machine SYSTEMTECHNIK HOLZER GMBH, INT 4646 D, year 2006additional handling fee: 1.150 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used depaneling machine from Systemtechnik Holzer GmbH, model INT 4646 D, manufactured in 2006. The body is constructed with a combination of materials including steel and alumin...
- Wheel Rim Production Line Leifeld TF650 | ~1990'sWheel Rim Production Line, manufacturer: Leifeld, type: TF650, comprising: • Sheet Metal Feeding Station, manufacturer: Systematic, type: AW12, year of manufacture: 1991 • 4-Roll Bending Machine with Handling System, type and year of manu...
- Drill Press ALZMETALL, AB 32, year 2000additional handling fee: 75 EURLot consisting of 1 used drill press in functional condition. Made of heavy-duty materials with visible wear such as scratches and stains. Accessories include a drill chuck with protective packaging; no additi...
- Wheel Rim Production Line LMF1 | ~1960'sWheel Rim Production Line LMF1, consisting of: • Scissor Lift Table, manufacturer: Büter, load capacity: 6 t • Electric Chain Hoist, manufacturer: Abus, load capacity: 250 kg, year of manufacture: 2022 • Mobile Hydraulic Lifter, manufactu...
- Stamp cylinder with a hub CAB, Typ 1100-220Hadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used stamp labeler. Made of metal, with moderate surface scratches. Includes partially wired cables and mounting component. Accessories or documentation are not included.
- Shot Blasting Unit RÖSLER RMT 70.2 P | 201150/60 Hz, Surface Finishing |
- Impuls-Schweißmaschine HAWO, HPL 450 AS, year 2012additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used Impuls-Schweißmaschine (sealing machine) made of stainless steel and other materials. Condition shows typical wear from use, including some surface scratches. Missing or additional acc...
- Vertical Milling Machine INTOS, FN40additional handling fee: 175 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of a used vertical milling machine made of steel, model INTOS FN40. The machine shows visible signs of wear including slight surface scratches and some discoloration. Includes a 7-dra...
- 3-Axis CNC Machining Center Matec 30L | 19983-Axis CNC Machining Center Manufacturer: Matec Model: 30L Machine No.: 0153 Year of manufacture: 1998 Control system: Heidenhain DNC426CB Operating hours (read from display): Control ON: 57,385 h Machine ON: 33,769 h Program run: 25,785 h...
- CNC 2-Spindel Vertical Turning-Milling Machine WEISSER Univertor AH-T wheel | 2013Max. Spindle Speed: 3500 RPM, Axis: 2+B axis, Weight: Approx. 32,000 kg. Include DGS chip conveyor model SSF500-P50 and chip filter RBF1300-500 (2013). Hydraulic system. Hydraulic cooler
- Semi Automated Workstation HÄNEL MASCHINENBAU, Endmontage AP01 JLR-NGI 16/24 K, year 2013additional handling fee: 275 EURLot consisting of 1 used Semi Automated Workstation in operational condition. Constructed from aluminum and steel. Control interface, assembly fixtures, and electronic components are included. Shows minor wea...
- Sheet Metal Cutting Line Auxmet | ~1990'sSheet Metal Cutting Line, comprising: • Feeding Station for Steel Coils • Uncoiler, manufacturer: Auxmet • Straightening Unit, manufacturer: Schleicher GmbH, type: AM-GR2-0650, S/N: 4580/1310, year: 1992 • Embossing/Stamping Unit, Cuttin...
- manual Rack-and-Pinion Press, 2.4 kN, 70 mm Stroke, 160 x 105 mm Table, 22 kg SCHMIDT, 3R, year 2008additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit(s) of used Pneumatic Press, Fab. Schmidt, Model: 3R-03, 2008. Optical condition shows some minor surface wear, with visible scratches and marks consistent with prior usage. Overall vis...
- Passenger Car Wheel Rim Production Line Fontjine | ~2000's (overhauled)Passenger Car Wheel Rim Production Line, comprising the following components: • Feeding Station, manufacturer: Fontjine, completely overhauled • Conveyor Belt, approx. length 4,000 mm, manufacturer: BTF, year of manufacture: 1989 • Straight...
- benchtop Depaneling Machine HEINRICH NYMPHIUS, NTM 300 SLadditional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 used depaneling machine manual-feed in good condition. Shows moderate signs of use. Features: Manual control, tabletop design, cutting width approx. 300 mm, CE marking.
- Foundry Degasing Unit (FDU) FOSECO Roto-Stativ | 2020Max. power 3.5kW, safety-certified, max pressure 5 bars, weigth 900kg. Broken Stator !!
- Bench Grinder ERWEadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used bench grinder. Constructed of metal. Optical condition shows wear consistent with use, with visible scratches and dirt. Mounted securely; accessories include dual grinding wheels and m...
- Hydraulic Frame Press ZDAZ YQM630 | 1987Hydraulic Frame Press • Manufacturer: ZDAZ • Type: YQM630 • S/N: 2448/87 • Year of manufacture: 1987 • Max. ram force: 6,300 kN • Table dimensions: approx. 900 x 1,000 mm
- CNC Milling Machine DECKEL, FP2NC, year 1986additional handling fee: 325 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used CNC Milling Machine, Fab. Deckel, Model: FP2NC, 1986. Optical condition shows visible signs of previous usage, including minor scratches and wear. Accessories and documentatio...
- CNC 2-Spindel Vertical Turning-Milling Machine, 2 axis+B axis WEISSER Univertor AH-T wheel | 2014Max. Spindle Speed: 3500 RPM, Axis: 2+B axis, Weight: Approx. 32,000 kg. Include DGS chip conveyor model SSF500-P50 and chip filter RBF1300-500 (2013). Hydraulic system. Hydraulic cooler
- Cordless Drill DEWALT, DCD790, year 2018additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of a cordless drill in untested condition. Drill is made of plastic and metal with visible wear such as scuffs and scratches. Accessories include one yellow storage box with various dr...
- manual Knee Lever Press, 5 kN, 0-40 mm Stoke SCHMIDT, 13Vadditional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 SCHMIDT knee lever press type 13V, model 13V-00-2007, force 5 kN, 0–40 mm stroke, 65 mm discharge, 65–180 mm working height with adjustment. Mounted on mobile workstation with monitor mount...
- Inline Depaneling machine SCHUNK, ILR-PAL, year 2019additional handling fee: 2.375 EURLot consisting of 1 used inline router. Metal housing with glass panels. Optical condition: clean and well-preserved with minor handling marks
- Cordless Drill DEWALT, DCD710additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used cordless drill made of plastic and metal. The drill has visible signs of use including surface wear and discoloration on the body. The lot includes a DeWalt charger, one lithiu...
- Steel Casting Ladle LINDENLAG | 2014850°C working temperature; 1400kg capacity
- Wheel Disc Production Line Schleicher / Erfurt | 1992Wheel Disc Production Line, consisting of: • Coil Uncoiler, manufacturer: Schleicher, type: HF-180-650, S/N: 4577/1115, year: 1992, max. load: 7.5 t, coil width: 100–600 mm, thickness: 0.8–8.0 mm • Hydraulic Power Unit, manufacturer: Schle...
- Pendular Shot Blasting Unit OMSG | 2003Maximum throughput capacity, Conveyor system, Steel construction equipment.
- Metal Cutting Saw DEWALT, DW872, year 2005additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Metal Cutting Saw, Fab. DeWALT, Model: DW872, 2005. Visible signs of wear with some scratches and rust on the base plate. The saw blade shows signs of previous use. Accessories...
- Angle Grinder METABO, WEV 850-125additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used angle grinder made of metal and plastic. The unit shows visible signs of use, including minor scratches and wear. Accessories and documentation: none.
- Pneumatic Riveting Machine BALTEC, RN 151, year 2018additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 pre-owned pneumatic riveting machine. Clean optical condition with minor scratches from regular use. Accessories and additional documentation not included.
- 2 pcs. of Boring Tool Set D’ANDREAadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 2 units of pre-owned boring tool set made of metal. Tools appear clean and well-maintained with minor visible signs of use such as light surface scratches. Includes the original hard plastic ...
- Blade Set SCHLEUNIGERadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used blade set stored in a wooden box. Made of steel, the blades appear clean with some visible marks of wear consistent with prior use. Wooden box is intact, with small signs of ex...
- benchtop Depaneling machine HEINRICH NYMPHIUS GMBH, NTM 300 SLadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 used depaneling machine manual-feed in good condition. Shows moderate signs of use. With test bench including Matrix 2000 scanner, Simco Aerostat XC ionising air blower and overhead light ...
- Angle Grinder FEIN, WSS 12-125additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used angle grinder in visibly used condition. The housing is made of metal and plastic, showing surface wear with visible scratches and scuff marks on the body. The power cord is in...
- Set of Product press including 2 x D. Krieger SR202 infrared heat controllers D. KRIEGER, SR 202additional handling fee: 225 EURLot consisting of 1 set of 2 used infrared heating units. Units feature steel housing with clear signs of wear including minor scratches and scuffs. No accessories or documentation included. Functional status...
- Industrial Belt Grinder SCANTOOL, 150additional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Belt Grinder, Fab. Scantool, Model: 150. The unit shows visible signs of use such as superficial scratches and signs of wear on the paintwork and contact surfaces. The grinder ...
- Drawing and Punching Press Erfurt BKZe500 (R62SP5) | 1984Drawing and Punching Press • Manufacturer: Umformtechnik Erfurt • Type: BKZe500 (R62SP5) • S/N: 463017 • Year of manufacture: 1984 • Max. ram force: 5,000 kN • Ram stroke: 400 mm • Ram adjustment: 220 mm • Table dimensions: approx. 1...
- Automated CNC System NUMTEC ROBOX 110.2 | 2013Max. Load: 110kg, Power Supply: 400V
- Reverse Osmosis System Eurowater DME61/61-F SE30SILF | 2024Reverse Osmosis System Manufacturer: Eurowater Model: DME61/61-F SE30SILF Serial No.: 38360 Year of manufacture: 2024 Condition: Like new, not yet commissioned
- Manual Box and Pan Folding Machine SCHRÖDER-FASTI, 204-10/2, year 2012additional handling fee: 50 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Plate Shear, Fab. Schröder-Fasti, Model: 204-10/2, 2012. The optical condition shows signs of use with visible scratches and minor rust spots. Accessories and documentation: No...
- manual Camber Press SCHMIDT, 11, year 2006additional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 tabletop manual press in operational condition. Constructed of metal, showing signs of prior use such as surface wear and minor scratches. Includes base assembly and additional removable co...
- Oil-Hydraulic Frame Press Lauffer RA500 | 2013Oil-Hydraulic Frame Press, manufacturer: Lauffer, type: RA500, S/N: 19828, year: 2013: • Max. press force: 5,000 kN • Max. stroke: 600 mm • Closing speed: 500 mm/s, max. pressing speed: 5 mm/s • Max. working pressure: 255 MPa • Max. too...
- Passenger Car Manual Welding Line for Attaching Disc to Rim Base | ~1990'sPassenger Car Manual Welding Line for Attaching Disc to Rim Base, consisting of: • Double Welding Station with integrated conveyor system, total length: approx. 10 m • 2 Manual Welding Booths with integrated fume extraction Manufacturer: Ke...
- Hydraulic Frame Press Erfurt PKZE500 | 1983Hydraulic Frame Press Manufacturer: Umformtechnik Erfurt Model: PKZE500 Serial No.: 463016 Year of manufacture: 1983 Specifications: Max. ram force: 5,000 kN Ram stroke: 400 mm Ram adjustment: 220 mm Max. slide stroke: 160 mm Slide stroke ...
- Hot Wire Cutter PROXXON, Thermocut 12/Eadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 1 unit of used Hot Wire Cutter, Fab. Proxxon, Model: Thermocut 12/E. Optical condition shows minor signs of wear, such as visible surface abrasions. Finish is clean and maintained. Accessorie...
- Wheel Rim Production Line LMF2 Emanuel | ~2000'sWheel Rim Production Line LMF2, comprising: • Feeding Station, manufacturer: Tecnomatic, type: CB, year: 1999 • Conveyor Belt • 3-Roll Round Bending Machine for Wheel Rims, manufacturer: Emanuel, year: 1999 • Transfer Station • Wheel Ri...
- 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine Mitutoyo BHN710 | ~1990's3D Coordinate Measuring Machine • Manufacturer: Mitutoyo • Type: BHN710 • S/N: 93030316 • With granite inspection table, dimensions: approx. 2,000 x 1,000 mm • Control and IT unit comprising: Fujitsu PC with Xeon processor Windows 7 opera...
- CNC 2-Spindel Vertical Turning-Milling Machine WEISSER Univertor AH-T wheel | 2013Max. Spindle Speed: 3500 RPM, Axis: 2+B axis, Weight: Approx. 32,000 kg. Include DGS chip conveyor model SSF500-P50 and chip filter RBF1300-500 (2013). Hydraulic system. Hydraulic cooler
- 2 pcs. of Boring Head Set DIANDREA, TMD 25 and TRC-Dadditional handling fee: 25 EURLot consisting of 2 units of used boring head tools. The set includes a DiAndrea TMD 25 adjustable boring head and a TRC-D modular connection tool holder. Made of metal, both are stored in a durable plastic ca...
- Compressed Air System Kaeser DSD240 / DSD205 | 2019Compressed Air System, consisting of: • 3 Screw Compressors, manufacturer: Kaeser: 2 x DSD240 Sigma, year: 2019, 132 kW, max. pressure: 8.5 bar 1 x S/N 10969205/10: Run hours: 38,982, Load hours: 36,329 1 x S/N 10969205/30 1 x DSD205 Si...
- Lathe Emco Turn 365/65 | 2001X/Z 210/610mm, 12-Pos-Tool-Turret / all driven(4.000 rpm), tailstock, C-Axes, spindle speed 3.600rpm, spindle bore 65mm, coolant unit with KNOLL chip conveyor, and two drawer cabinets with accessories (no warranty of completness)